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The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) are a global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity. On June 16, 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, making the framework the first corporate human rights responsibility initiative to be endorsed by the United Nations.〔Surya Deva, "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Companies", April 2012, "()", Retrieved July 3, 2012〕 The UNGPs encompass three pillars outlining how states and businesses should implement the framework: * The state duty to protect human rights * The corporate responsibility to respect human rights * Access to remedy for victims of business-related abuses The UNGPs have received wide support from states, civil society organizations, and even the private sector.〔John Ruggie, "United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights", March 21, 2011, "()", Retrieved July 3, 2012〕 The UNGP are informally known as the "Ruggie Principles" or the "Ruggie Framework" due to their authorship by John Ruggie, who conceived them and led the process for their consultation and implementation. == History == The UNGPs came as a result of several decades of UN efforts to create global human rights standards for businesses. In the early 1970s, the United Nations Economic and Social Council requested that the Secretary General create a commission group to study the impact of transnational corporations (TNCs) on development processes and international relations. The UN created the Commission on Transnational Corporations in 1973, with the goal of formulating a corporate code of conduct for TNCs. The Commission’s work continued into the early 1990s, but the group was ultimately unable to ratify an agreeable code due to various disagreements between developed and developing countries.〔 The group was dissolved in 1994. In August 1998, the UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights established a Working Group on Transnational Corporations. The Working Group similarly attempted to create standards for corporations’ human rights obligations. By 2003 they completed the final draft of the “Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights” (the Norms).〔U.N. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, "Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights", August 13, 2003. "()", Retrieved July 3, 2012〕 While the Norms received support from some NGO’s, such as the Europe-Third World Centre (CETIM) or Amnesty International, the document encountered significant opposition from the business sector, and the Commission on Human Rights ultimately determined in 2004 that the framework had no legal standing.〔The Kenan Institute for Ethics, "The U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Analysis and Implementation", January 2012. "()", Retrieved April 11, 2015〕 In an attempt to overcome the divisive debate regarding the human rights responsibilities of businesses, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan appointed Harvard professor John Ruggie as the UN Special Representative for Business and Human Rights in 2005. Three years later, Ruggie presented the United Nations Human Rights Council with the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” framework as a conceptual way to anchor the business and human rights debates. In a 2008 resolution, the Human Rights Council welcomed Ruggie’s report and extended his mandate for an additional three years. The Human Rights Council asked Ruggie to provide concrete recommendations on how the state could prevent abuses by the private sector, to elaborate on the scope of corporate responsibility, and to explore options for effective remedies available to those whose human rights are impacted by corporate activities.〔U.N. Human Rights Council, "Resolution 8/7: Mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises", June 18, 2008. "()", Retrieved July 3, 2012〕 Over the next three years, Ruggie held extensive consultations with stakeholder groups including governments, businesses, and NGOs. Ruggie intended to create "an authoritative focal point around which actors' expectations could converge—a framework that clarified the relevant actors' responsibilities, and provided the foundation which thinking and action could build over time".〔U.N. Human Rights Council, "The UN 'Protect, Respect, and Remedy' Framework for Business and Human Rights", September 2010. "()", Retrieved July 5, 2012〕 Ruggie's work resulted in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, which he presented to the Human Rights Council in June 2011. Ruggie stated, The Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the Guiding Principles, thereby creating the first global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse human rights impacts linked to business activity.〔 On June 16, 2011, the Human Rights Council established a working group to focus on the global dissemination and implementation of the Guiding Principles. OHCHR provides ongoing support and advice to the Working Group, which consists of five independent experts, of balanced regional representation, for a three-year period. Current Working Group Members are Michael Addo, Alexandra Guaqueta, Margaret Jungk, Puvan Selvanathan, and Pavel Sulyandziga. The first Forum on Business and Human Rights took place on December 4–5, 2012, in Geneva, Switzerland.〔Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Forum on Business and Human Rights", "()", Retrieved July 5, 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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